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Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO)

Ocean Physics Laboratory

CMO Deployment 1 Data Report

G.C. Chang, T.D. Dickey, D.V. Manov, D.E. Sigurdson, and J.D. McNeil
Ocean Physics Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara
6487 Calle Real Suite A, Goleta, CA 93117

Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Measurements and Data
III. Sensor Functionality Summary
IV. Calibration Record and Sensor List
V. Guide to Data Processing
VI. Program Flowcharts
VII. Complete Time-Series Plots
VIII. Hurricane Images
IX. Acknowledgements

Introduction

Background
The Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) project is an Accelerated Research Initiative (ARI) funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR). The site for the CMO experiment is in the "Mud Patch" located about 110 km south of Martha's Vineyard, Cape Cod, Massachusetts (Figure 1). The site is located on a broad continental shelf in the Middle-Atlantic Bight (MAB) in approximately 70 m of water. This region is characterized by high currents and tides, which lead to internal waves, strong shear, and vertical mixing which act to redistribute biogenic and non-biogenic particles and to affect biological activity (e.g., primary productivity).

Our study concerns the investigation of physical and particle relationships via optical properties. The overall objective of our research is to determine how particles and optical properties respond to physical forcing under various oceanic conditions on a broad continental shelf off the east coast of the United States.

Specific objectives:
1) To quantify the variability of optical and physical properties at time scales as short as a few minutes,
2) To relate physical processes (tides, wind forced inertial currents, surface waves, internal gravity waves including solitary waves, advection, etc.) to observed optical variability,
3) To determine the relationships between vertical fluxes of particles and optical properties with respect to the physical environmental conditions such as shear, stratification, and gradient Richardson number,
4) To examine the importance of particulate matter in diurnal cycling of the mixed layer,
5) To distinguish between optical variability associated with waves and tides as opposed to mixing events,
6) To make general distinctions among particle types and to partition their origins,
7) To relate optical and particle variability near the ocean bottom to physical processes affecting sediment resuspension, and
8) To provide time-series of physical and optical properties to complement vertical microstructure measurements to set the context for such observations and model development.

Measurements and Data:

CMO Deployment 1: 07/08/96 - 09/26/96 (Year Day 190 to 270)

Using a variety of newly developed optical and physical instruments placed on a mooring at the CMO site (roughly 40.5 N, 70.5 W) (Figure 1), time-series of optical and physical data are collected at several depths. Our choice of optical parameters enables the interpretation of the data in terms of different optically important components of seawater. We are coordinating our observational study with studies by other CMO investigators to complement our measurements (See JHU/APL, OSU, UOP/WHOI, WHOI, Dalhousie U, and UW/APL).

During the first of four planned deployments, we placed three Bio-Optical Systems (BIOPS) on a subsurface mooring at 13.5, 37, and 52 m depths from July 8, 1996 through September 26, 1996, and a fourth at about 2 m above the bottom on a tripod in approximately 70 m of water from August 9, 1996 through September 26, 1996 (Figure 2). BIOPS utilize the following instruments: 1) Biospherical Instruments, Inc. PAR sensor (QSP-200) (13.5, 37, and 52 m), 2) Biospherical Instruments, Inc. 683 sensor (MRP-200) (13.5 and 37 m), 3) Sea Tech, Inc. fluorometer (52 and 68 m), 4) WET Labs, Inc. WETStar fluorometer (all depths), 5) Sea Tech, Inc. transmissometer (660 nm) (all depths), 6) Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. temperature sensor (SBE 3) (all depths), and 7) WET Labs, Inc. ac-9 (all depths). Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. SBE 5T submersible pumps were also deployed at each depth for use with the WET Labs ac-9 and WETStar fluorometers. The ac-9 wavelengths are: 412, 440, 488, 510, 532, 555, 650, 676, and 715 nm. The sampling rate for the WET Labs ac-9 was once per hour for 30 seconds and the sampling rate for all other sensors was eight times per hour.

All instruments functioned for the entire deployment. We obtained full time-series plots of all instruments at 52 and 68 m depths. The 13.5 and 37 m transmissometers suffered biofouling after approximately 30 days and 50 days, respectively. The 13.5 m ac-9 data were affected by the anti-foulant bromine solution that was introduced into the sampling tubes between measurement periods and flushed out before sampling. The bromine solution is believed to have partially degraded the ac-9's optical windows. Data for the 37 m ac-9 were degraded by fouling after 60 days (Figures 3-6, Tables 1-4).

We were able to capture the physical and optical effects of the passages of Hurricane Edouard and Hurricane Hortense (Figure 22). The eye of Hurricane Edouard passed within roughly 110 km of our mooring on September 1, 1996 (Figures 18, 19), and soon after, Hurricane Hortense passed within 350 km of our mooring on September 14, 1996 (Figures 20, 21). At its maximum (category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) on August 29, 1996, Hurricane Edouard's winds reached 140 mph, and its translational speed peaked at 1000 km/day (~10 m/s) approximately 700 km south-east of our mooring. Hurricane Hortense reached category 4 on September 13, 1996, roughly 800 km east from the CMO site. Its winds reached 120 mph, and its translational speed reached 1500 km/day (~15 m/s).

For full-size, click on images.

CMO Site Mooring Diagram
Fig. 1: CMO Site, Fig. 2: CMO Deployment 1 Mooring Diagram (Fig. 1 Courtesy of Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory)

Sensor Functionality Summary

CMO Deployment 1: 07/08/96 - 09/26/96 (Year Day 190 to 270)

Table 1: 13.5 m Sensors
Sensor Estimate of Failure Date Comments
PAR
SN 4200
JD 248 Bio-fouling
Temperature
SN 1839
NONE N/A
Lu 683
SN 7029
NONE N/A
WETStar
Fluorometer
SN 038
NONE N/A
Transmissometer
SN 408
JD 220 Heavy biofouling
ac-9
SN 114
JD 242 Bromine solution contamination

Table 2: 37 m Sensors
Sensor Estimate of Failure Date Comments
PAR
SN 4216
NONE N/A
Temperature
SN 1667
NONE N/A
Lu 683
SN 7021
NONE N/A
WETStar
Fluorometer
SN 039
NONE N/A
Transmissometer
SN 410
JD 240 Heavy biofouling
ac-9
SN 158
JD 251 Biofouling

Table 3: 52 m Sensors
Sensor Estimate of Failure Date Comments
PAR
SN 4213
NONE N/A
Temperature
SN 1840
NONE N/A
Sea Tech
Fluorometer
SN 144
JD 252 Slightly biofouled
WETStar
Fluorometer
SN 040
NONE N/A
Transmissometer
SN 525
JD 268 Biofouling
ac-9
SN 161
NONE N/A

Table 1: 68 m Sensors
Sensor Estimate of Failure Date Comments
Temperature
SN 1841
NONE N/A
Sea Tech
Fluorometer
SN 302
NONE N/A
WETStar
Fluorometer
SN 009
NONE N/A
Transmissometer
SN 409
NONE N/A
ac-9
SN 159
NONE N/A

10m 30m
Fig. 3: 13.5m Sensor functionality timeline, Fig. 4: 37m Sensor functionality timeline

50m 70m
Fig. 5: 52m Sensor functionality timeline, Fig. 6: 68m Sensor functionality timeline

Calibration Record and Sensor List

CMO Deployment 1: 07/08/96 - 09/26/96 (Year Day 190 to 270)

The Biospherical Instruments, Inc. PAR sensors (QSP-200) and 683 sensors (MRP-200) were factory calibrated using a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable 1000 watt type FEL Standard of Spectral Irradiance (QSP-200 User's Manual, 1995; MRP User's Manual, 1995) (see program flowchart for specific equations used).

Calibrations for the Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. SBE 3 temperature sensor were performed by the Northwest Regional Calibration Center (NRCC), operating under contract to NOAA. The NRCC uses an equation (see program flowchart) derived from Bennett's formula (Sea Bird SBE 3 User's Manual, 1995).

A combination of factory and user calibrations was used for the Sea Tech, Inc. transmissometers. Air calibration values for the instruments were taken from the Sea Tech Transmissometer Manual, 1993, as well as a zero offset value. Because air calibration may change with time due to a decrease in LED light output, a measurement of current air calibration values is necessary to account for the change. The highest voltage recorded in the data file prior to the instrument entering the water and after cleaning of the optical windows with ethyl alcohol is used for the present air calibration. For specific calibration equations, see program flowchart.

To convert DC volts measured by the WETStar and Sea Tech fluorometers, calibrations using in situ seawater can be performed to measure chlorophyll concentrations. Unfortunately, in situ calibrations of the fluorometers were not available. Factory calibrations were used for the WETStar fluorometers, and calibrations performed by Norm Nelson at the Bermuda Biological Station for Research (BBSR) were used for the Sea Tech fluorometers. To calibrate the instruments, voltage outputs for a blank solution (pure seawater) and solutions containing varying concentrations of chlorophyll were measured. A linear fit can be applied to the plot of [Chl]solution versus Voltsmeasured (Vmeas) because the fluorometers' responses are approximately linear over their measurement ranges. The following equation is used for calibration: [Chl]in situ = b + m * Vmeas, where m is the slope of the linear fit, and b is the y-intercept. The factory calibrations for the WETStar fluorometers utilized only a pure water solution and a 1.0 mg/l solution of coproporphyrin tetramethyl ester, where 1.0 mg/l of copro. is approximately equal to 50 ug/l of chlorophyll in a Thallassiosira weissflogii phytoplankton culture (WETStar Fluorometer User's Guide Version 1.0, 1995). Varying concentrations of Thallassiosira weissflogii phytoplankton culture were used in the calibration solutions utilized by Norm Nelson (BBSR) for the Sea Tech fluorometers (Nelson, personal communications).

WET Labs calibrates the ac-9 to provide a reading of 0.00 for each channel in specially filtered clean, fresh water. An offset value was determined during the calibration process which, when added to the raw instrument output in clean water, provides zeroes for all wavelengths at a specific temperature. Therefore, the final output of the ac-9 is the absorption and attenuation coefficients with pure water values subtracted out. In addition to calibrations, corrections for internal temperature, scattering, and salinity and in situ temperature (a715 only) need to be applied. These corrections are described in the ac-9 program flowchart.

Complementary calibrations were also performed for the temperature, transmissometer beam c (660), fluorometer fluorescence, and the absorption and beam attenuation coefficients measured by the WET Labs ac-9. The data obtained from the BIOPS sensors were compared to profile and discrete bottle sample data taken from ships near the CMO mooring site on August 26, 1996 (pre-hurricane Edouard), and September 4, 1996 (post-hurricane Edouard). The data obtained from the BIOPS Sea-Bird Inc. temperature sensors were compared to temperature profiles taken by H. Sosik of WHOI, R. Zaneveld of OSU, and W. Gardner of Texas A&M. Transmissometer profiles taken by W. Gardner were compared with the beam c (660) values measured by the BIOPS Sea Tech Inc. transmissometers. Fluorescence measured by the BIOPS WETStar fluorometers was vicariously calibrated with chlorophyll concentrations calculated from discrete water samples taken by H. Sosik of WHOI. Absorption spectra plotted from the discrete water samples were compared with the absorption coefficients measured from the ac-9. The ac-9 data were also calibrated with profile ac-9 values measured by R. Zaneveld of OSU.

Calibration constants for all instruments are listed in Tables 5-8.

Table 5: 13.5 m BIOPS
Equipment Serial Number Calibration Constant Date Calibrated
PAR 4200 -7.41E-18
(V/(quanta/cm^2/sec))
gain in data file
06/13/96
Temperature 1839 g=4.78968540E-03
h=6.80028033E-04
i=3.41654389E-05
j=3.28348348E-06
f0=1000.00
07/06/95
Lu 683 7029 0.387 ((uW/cm^2/nm/sr)/V)
gain in data file
01/10/95
WETStar Fluor 038 [Chl]=-1.5525+15.371 Volts 07/31/95
Transmissometer 408 air cal=4.657
ship cal in data file
zero cal=0.001
12/15/94
ac-9 114
Channel  N       Kt    T0

a650 7.644407 -0.000191 25
a676 7.639203 -0.000115 25
a715 7.157553 -0.000060 25
c510 8.023093 -0.000511 25
c532 8.057921 -0.000440 25
c555 8.115287 -0.000327 25
a412 7.231372 0.002209 25
a440 7.272642 -0.000868 25
a488 7.418883 -0.000397 25
c650 7.925630 -0.000250 25
c676 7.827816 -0.000051 25
c715 7.326038 0.000105 25
a510 7.471419 -0.000287 25
a532 7.530348 -0.000363 25
a555 7.609726 -0.000142 25
c412 7.386288 -0.002197 25
c440 7.605761 -0.001407 25
c488 7.950158 -0.000822 25
04/26/96

Table 6: 37 m BIOPS
Equipment Serial Number Calibration Constant Date Calibrated
PAR 4216 -8.91E+16
(V/(quanta/cm^2/sec))
gain in data file
07/27/94
Temperature 1667 g=3.68103587E-03
h=5.88939075E-04
i=1.46481589E-05
j=2.59140710E-06
f0=1000.00
05/13/94
Lu 683 7021 0.425 ((uW/cm^2/nm/sr)/V)
gain in data file
03/18/96
WETStar Fluor 039 [Chl]=-1.4804+16.634 Volts 07/31/95
Transmissometer 410 air cal=4.653
ship cal in data file
zero cal=0.00
05/08/96
ac-9 158
Channel  N       Kt    T0

a650 8.635027 0.000556 25
a676 8.628047 0.000404 25
a715 8.070818 0.000560 25
c510 7.227980 -0.001473 25
c532 7.317857 -0.001107 25
c555 7.205041 -0.001205 25
a412 7.999630 -0.000557 25
a440 8.121775 0.000250 25
a488 8.334796 0.000677 25
c650 7.192533 -0.001028 25
c676 7.160159 -0.000879 25
c715 6.633011 -0.000795 25
a510 8.427886 0.000655 25
a532 8.504167 0.000607 25
a555 8.595193 0.000566 25
c412 6.402489 -0.001385 25
c440 6.762266 -0.001679 25
c488 7.145354 -0.001043 25
06/28/96

Table 7: 52 m BIOPS
Equipment Serial Number Calibration Constant Date Calibrated
PAR 4213 -9.15E+16
(V/(quanta/cm^2/sec))
gain in data file
03/30/94
Temperature 1840 g=4.80751404E-03
h=6.72529483E-04
i=3.09425422E-05
j=2.94379664E-06
f0=1000.00
07/06/95
Sea Tech Fluor 144 [Chl]=-0.40+0.441 Volts 06/93
WETStar Fluor 040 [Chl]=-1.3536+16.92 Volts 07/31/95
Transmissometer 525 air cal=4.682
ship cal in data file
zero cal=0.00
04/27/92
ac-9 161
Channel  N       Kt    T0

a650 6.086019 0.000155 25
a676 6.163169 0.000073 25
a715 5.712537 0.000058 25
c510 7.265228 -0.000900 25
c532 7.360747 -0.000910 25
c555 7.473863 -0.000580 25
a412 4.768791 -0.002570 25
a440 5.036628 0.000423 25
a488 5.335945 0.000416 25
c650 7.262988 -0.000530 25
c676 7.139360 -0.000500 25
c715 6.668568 -0.000055 25
a510 5.476077 0.000315 25
a532 5.605134 0.000207 25
a555 5.745913 0.000264 25
c412 6.579548 -0.001400 25
c440 6.904813 -0.001210 25
c488 7.268749 -0.001050 25
06/29/96

Table 8: 68 m BIOPS
Equipment Serial Number Calibration Constant Date Calibrated
Temperature 1841 g=4.77280432E-03
h=6.64892731E-04
i=2.83626842E-05
j=2.55381921E-06
f0=1000.00
07/06/95
Sea Tech Fluor 302 [Chl]=-0.40+0.441 Volts 06/93
WETStar Fluor 009 [Chl]=-0.8927+7.7593 Volts 02/28/95
Transmissometer 409 air cal=4.793
ship cal in data file
zero cal=0.00
10/05/90
ac-9 159
Channel  N       Kt    T0

a650 5.948741 -0.000190 25
a676 6.049155 -0.000400 25
a715 5.657518 -0.000490 25
c510 7.468002 -0.000690 25
c532 7.502076 -0.000510 25
c555 7.427692 -0.000760 25
a412 4.576480 -0.003030 25
a440 4.876258 0.000006 25
a488 5.174808 0.000115 25
c650 7.322390 -0.000600 25
c676 7.249863 -0.000620 25
c715 6.645701 -0.000590 25
a510 5.313438 -0.000016 25
a532 5.426282 -0.000210 25
a555 5.585068 -0.000110 25
c412 6.980224 -0.001900 25
c440 7.165783 -0.001390 25
c488 7.448023 -0.000810 25
07/18/96

Guide to Data Processing

CMO Deployment 1: 07/08/96 - 09/26/96 (Year Day 190 to 270)

ac-9 Data


INPUT: Raw binary data 13.5 m: cac1xxx 37 m: cbc1xxx 52 m: ccc1xxx 68 m: cdc1xxx FORTRAN 77 Files: oldcmo10.f (13.5m) oldcmo30.f (37m) oldcmo50.f (52m) oldcmo70.f (68m) Programs convert data to scientific values with physical units. OUTPUT: ASCII matrix (21 by n) 13.5 m: acac1xxx 37 m: acbc1xxx 52 m: accc1xxx 68 m: acdc1xxx Time-series and spectra plots were created with Matlab. One-hour averaging was accomplished by running matlab file ac9smooth.m. Temperature, salinity, and scattering corrections can be made in Matlab.

All Other BIOPS Data
INPUT: Raw hex data 13.5 m: cac1xxx 37 m: cbc1xxx 52 m: ccc1xxx 68 m: cdc1xxx FORTRAN 90 Files: cmo683M10.f (13.5m) cmo683M30.f (37m) cmopar50.f (52m) cmopar70.f (68m) Converts data from hex characters to volts, then from volts to physical units, applying calibration constants where necessary. OUTPUT: ASCII Matrix (6 by n) 13.5 m: pac1xxx 37 m: pbc1xxx 52 m: pcc1xxx 68 m: pdc1xxx Plots were made with graphing program Matlab. Smoothing was acheived by using matlab program runave.m.

Program Flowcharts

MO Deployment 1: 07/08/96 - 09/26/96 (Year Day 190 to 270)

For PAR, temp, 683, fluorometers, transmissometer; written in Fortran

START 1) Define variables 2) Sequential file routine; LOOP around 'x' number of files 3) Open input file 4) Open output file 5) List calibration constants: PAR multiplier, temperature constants, transmissometer cal numbers 6) Outer LOOP (until end of file) 7) Find 'BBBB' line, call subroutine 'bbbb' to calculate Julian day 8) Find 'EEEE' line 9) Read in a blank line, if first four characters are '$E$E', goto end of program (close input file) 10) LOOP for 8 sets of data 11) Read in PAR line, calculate volts, PAR 12) Read temperature line, calculate volts, temperature 13) Read in Sea Tech fluorometer line, calculate volts, fluorescence (or 683) 14) Read in WETStar fluorometer, calculate volts, fluorescence 15) Read in transmissometer line, calculate volts, Beam c 16) Write out Julian Day, PAR, temperature, fluorescence (or 683), WETStar fluorescence, and beam c to output 17) END LOOP 18) END LOOP 19) END LOOP (SEQUENTIAL FILE)

SUBROUTINES AND FUNCTIONS:

Subroutine bbbb(junk, dattim) Reads line to determine month, day, hr, min, and sec, converts them into Julian day by calling function 'julian'. Function julian: Changes characters for month, day, hour, minute, and second into ASCII characters, calculates a Julian day. Function hexdec: Changes hex characters to appropriate decimal value.

APPROPRIATE EQUATIONS:

Equation to calculate PAR (uE/m^2/s): (pcount * 5 / 4095) * pcal = par in volts (pvolt) gain value 1, 2, or 3 ; gain = -10 ^ 1, 2, or 3 par = ((pvolt / gain) / 6.022E+17 (conv.)) * 10000 (conv.) Equation to calculate temperature (oC): Use calibration constants and the following equation: 1 / {g + h [ln(f0/f)] + i [ln2(f0/f)] + j [ln3(f0/f)]} - 273.15 Equation to calculate fluorescence from Sea Tech (ug/l): Get fluorescence in volts: (fcount * 5 / 4095) = fvolt Use cal. eq. to get fluorescence in ug/l: offset(b) + gain(m) * fvolt Equation to calculate 683 (uW/m^2/nm/sr): (scount * 5 / 4095) * scal = 683 in volts (svolt) 683 = (svolt / sgain) * 10000 (conv.) Equation to calculate fluorescence from WETStar (ug/l): Get fluorescence in volts: (wcount * 5 / 4095) = wvolt Use cal. eq. to get fluorescence in ug/l: offset(b) + gain(m) * wvolt Equation to calculate Beam c from transmissometer (1/m): Beam c in volts (trvolt) = (trcount * 5 / 4095) Use the following two equations: 1) 20 * (factory air cal / self air cal) * (trvolt - zero off) = step1 2) [ln(step1 / 100)] / 0.25 = beam c

For the ac-9; written in Fortran

START 1) Define variables and arrays 2) Sequential file routine; LOOP around 'x' number of files 3) Open input file 4) Open output file 5) Enter calibration constants N, Kt, and T0 6) Call subroutine 'readfile' to read the entire file, byte by byte 7) Set lp (index variable for cursor) to ONE 8) Read blank line at top of file by calling subroutine 'readline', update lp 9) Read '%B%B' line by calling subroutine 'readline', update lp 10) Read 'MT DY…' line by calling subroutine 'readline', update lp 11) Read blank line by calling subroutine 'readline', update lp 12) IF first three bytes are 'PAR', read until no lines begin with 'PAR', update lp 13) ELSE IF four bytes are 'BBBB', read 'BBBB' line 14) Calculate Julian Day with function julian, update lp 15) LOOP 16) Read from lp to lp+642 in groups of four characters 17) IF four sequential characters are '00FF00FF', update lp, continue END LOOP 18) ELSE IF first four bytes are the characters for '00FF00FF' 19) LOOP 20) Read from lp to lp+642 in groups of four characters 21) IF four sequential characters are 'EEEE', update lp, goto (12) END LOOP 22) Read 18 bytes of '00FF00FF' header line, update lp 23) LOOP 10 times 24) Read 56 characters: 2 bytes of time, and 54 bytes of signal channel (18 groups of 3 characters), update lp 25) Convert signal channel characters into decimal 26) Calculate csig and asig 27) Calculate time, and add to Julian Day END LOOP 28) Read 56 characters: 54 bytes of reference channel (18 groups of 3 characters), two bytes of temperature, update lp 29) Convert reference channel characters into decimal 30) Calculate cref and aref 31) Calculate temperature in counts 32) Call function 'temp' to get temperature in degrees Celsius 33) LOOP 10 times 34) Convert csigs and asigs into scientific data (c and a) using appropriate equation and calibration constants 35) Calibrate c and a channels for internal temperature using appropriate equation 36) Write Julian Day, a, and c, temp to output file END LOOP 37) Read eight bytes (checksum and extra bytes), update lp 38) ELSE call subroutine 'readline', update lp 39) END IF 40) Close input file 41) Close output file END LOOP (SEQUENTIAL FILE)

SUBROUTINES AND FUNCTIONS

Subroutine readfile: Reads the entire character file byte by byte and returns the total number of bytes in the file Subroutine readline: IF first 3 characters of a line are 'PAR', length is 45 characters ELSE IF first 4 characters are 'BBBB', length is 112 characters ELSE IF first 4 characters are '00FF00FF', length is 642 characters ELSE IF first 4 characters are 'EEEE', the length is 20 characters ELSE read one byte at a time until "end" of line (until carriage return) END IF Function julian: Converts characters to ASCII Calculates a Julian Day Function temp: Converts counts into degrees Celsius for temp using a look-up table

APPROPRIATE EQUATIONS

Equation to calculate sigs, refs, time, and temp from decimals: sigs = (sig dec#1)*256+(sig dec#2)*65,536+(sig dec#3) / 16,777,216 refs = (ref dec#1)*256+(ref dec#2)*65,536+(ref dec #3) / 16,777,216 time = (time decimal #1) + (time decimal #2) * 256 temp = (temp decimal #1) + (temp decimal #2) * 256 Equation to calculate a and c: c = N(offset) - [4 * ln (csig/cref)] a = N(offset) - [4 * ln (asig/aref)] Equation to correct a and c values for internal temperature: c' = c(meas) + (T(temp) - T0(temp off)) * Kt(temp coeff) a' = a(meas) + (T(temp) - T0(temp off)) * Kt(temp coeff) Equation to calculate Julian Day (date + fraction of day): Julian Day = (date) + {[(hr * 3600) + (min * 60) + (sec)] / 3600} / 24

Complete Time-Series Plots

CMO Deployment 1: 07/08/96 - 09/26/96 (Year Day 190 to 270)

Some corrections were applied to the time-series plots. Internal temperature corrections for both absorption (a) and beam attenuation (c) coefficients of the WET Labs ac-9 were applied according to factory specifications (see flowchart for details). The following equation: a715 = a715meas - [0.0029 * (Tmeas - 23.7)], was used in order to correct for in situ temperature effects for the 715 nm wavelength for the absorption coefficient, where Tmeas is the internal temperature of the instrument (AC-9 Protocol Manual, 1996). The 13.5 m ac-9 data were fitted for linear trends to remove the effects caused by bromine solution contamination. Because of the assumptions associated with the usage of generic phytoplankton cultures in translating voltage into chlorophyll concentration for the calibration of both the WETStar and Sea Tech fluorometers, offsets were added to WETStar and Sea Tech fluorometer data. The offsets were determined by comparisons between the BIOPS fluorometer data and profile data of chlorophyll concentration measured by Heidi Sosik at WHOI. ac-9 data were calibrated against ac-9 profile data taken by R. Zaneveld at OSU. Transmissometer beam c data were calibrated against ac-9 c650 data. Fluorometer data were averaged over 1 hour, and ac-9 data were averaged over 1 hour. The temperature data presented in the stack plot were averaged over 2 hours. All other sensor data were plotted without further processing.

13m Fig. 7: 13.5m PAR, Lu 683, Temp, WETStar Fluor, and Beam c(660)

10m Fig. 8: 13.5m ac-9

37m Fig. 9: 37m PAR, Lu 683, Temp, WETStar Fluor, and Beam c(660)

37m Fig. 10: 37m ac-9

52m Fig. 11: 52m PAR; Temp; Sea Tech, WETStar Fluor; Beam c(660)

52m Fig. 12: 52m ac-9

68m Fig. 13:68m Temp; Sea Tech, WETStar Fluor; and Beam c(660)

68m Fig. 14: 68m ac-9

Temp Fig. 15: Temperature stack plot
(S, MT, and MD data courtesy of Murray Levine of OSU)

Fl Fig. 16: WETStar Fluor at all depths

Bmc Fig. 17: Transmissometer Beam c(660) at all depths

PAR Fig. 18: PAR and Lu 683 at all depths

Below are satellite images of Hurricane Edouard and Hurricane Hortense. These images were provided by David Porter and Donald Thompson of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.

Edouard Fig. 19: Hurricane Edouard Track

Edouard Fig. 20: Hurricane Edouard

Hortense Fig. 21: Hurricane Hortense Track

Hortense Fig. 22: Hurricane Hortense

Winds Fig. 23: Physical and optical effects of the hurricanes
(Wind data courtesy of Steve Lentz of WHOI)

Acknowledgements

The Ocean Physics Laboratory of UCSB would like to thank:
the Office of Naval Research (ONR) for their project support (Grant No. N00014-96-1-0669) and an AASERT award to Grace Chang; Yogi Agrawal and Chuck Pottsmith of Sequoia Inc. for the use of their bottom tripod; David Porter and Donald Thompson of JHU/APL for satellite images; the crew of the R/V Oceanus; Murray Levine of OSU for sharing his mooring; and Erin Lutrick for her help in the assembly of the BIOPS.